4-1BBL is a transmembrane cytokine that is part of the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） ligand family. 4-1BBL is a bidirectional signal transducer that performs as a ligand for TNFRSF9，which is a costimulatory receptor molecule in T lymphocytes. TNFSF9 and its TNFRSF9 take part in the antigen presentation development and in the generation of cytotoxic T cells. 4-1BBR is absent from resting T lymphocytes but rapidly expressed upon antigenic stimulation. TNFSF9 reactivates anergic T lymphocytes as well as promoting T lymphocyte proliferation. 4-1BB Ligand is needed for the optimal CD8 responses in CD8 T cells. 4-1BBL is expressed in carcinoma cell lines，and is thought to be involved in T cell-tumor cell interaction. 4-1BBL is expressed by activated B cells，macrophages，dendritic cells，activated T cells，neurons and astrocytes. The interaction of 4-1BB with TNFRSF9 strongly regulates immunity and has been proposed to preferentially control T cell responses based on studies in various murin
