When proteins or other sensitive biomolecules need to be conjugated, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) linkers are a great choice. They provide hydrophilicity and maintain separation between conjugated molecules. This linker based on PEG4, has a length of 14Å (1.4 nm). Heterobifunctional linkers carrying different reactive groups can be used to prepare cross-conjugates between different molecules. The maleimide functional group is especially useful because they can label a site on a protein specifically. Most proteins have limited numbers of cysteine residues that selectively react with maleimides. Alkyne group can be then conjugated with azides in a selective copper-catalyzed process, CuAAc (copper-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition).
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