4-1BB is also known as CD137，tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9)，induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA)，is a co-stimulatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. CD137 can be expressed by activated T cells，but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. In addition，CD137 expression is found on dendritic cells，follicular dendritic cells，natural killer cells，granulocytes and cells of blood vessel walls at sites of inflammation. The best characterized activity of CD137 is its costimulatory activity for activated T cells. Crosslinking of CD137 enhances T cell proliferation，IL-2 secretion survival and cytolytic activity. Further，it can enhance immune activity to eliminate tumors in mice. CD137 can enhance activationinduced T cell apoptosis when triggered by engagement of the TCR/CD3 complex. In addition，4-1BB/4-1BBL co-stimulatory pathway has been shown to augment secondary CTL responses to several viruses，and meanwhile augment anti-tumor immunity. 4-1BB thus is a promising candidate for immunotherapy of human cancer. CD137 has been shown to interact with TRAF.
